This is stated in The Guardian's investigation. As journalists found out, these companies take advantage of a loophole in the European Union's sanctions regime: through Turkey, they bring fuel made from Russian raw materials to Europe.
The publication notes that the economic adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, Oleh Ustenko, called on energy giants to voluntarily refuse to trade in fuel of Russian origin in order to weaken the financial base of Putin's regime.
The non-profit organization Global Witness studied data from the commodity tracker Kpler. It turned out that Shell imported more than 600 thousand barrels of petroleum products to the Netherlands from Turkish refineries, which are known to have been buying Russian oil since December 5.
There is no direct evidence that these products are made specifically from Russian raw materials. However, Turkish refineries receive huge volumes of oil from Russia, which can be immediately processed or mixed with raw materials from other sources.
